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Not to be confused with.Altitude or (sometimes known as 'depth') is defined based on the context in which it is used (aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, atmospheric pressure, and many more). As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or 'up' direction, between a reference and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context. Although the term altitude is commonly used to mean the of a location, in the term is often preferred for this usage.Vertical distance measurements in the 'down' direction are commonly referred to as. Vertical distance comparisonIn aviation, the term altitude can have several meanings, and is always qualified by explicitly adding a modifier (e.g. 'true altitude'), or implicitly through the context of the communication. Parties exchanging altitude information must be clear which definition is being used.Aviation altitude is measured using either (MSL) or local ground level (above ground level, or AGL) as the reference datum.divided by 100 feet (30 m) is the, and is used above the (18,000 feet (5,500 m) in the US, but may be as low as 3,000 feet (910 m) in other jurisdictions); so when the altimeter reads 18,000 ft on the standard pressure setting the aircraft is said to be at 'Flight level 180'.
When flying at a flight level, the altimeter is always set to standard pressure (29.92 or 1013.25 ).On the flight deck, the definitive instrument for measuring altitude is the pressure, which is an with a front face indicating distance (feet or metres) instead of.There are several types of altitude in aviation:. Indicated altitude is the reading on the altimeter when it is set to the. In UK aviation radiotelephony usage, the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level; this is referred to over the radio as altitude.(see ). Absolute altitude is the vertical distance of the aircraft above the terrain over which it is flying.: ii It can be measured using a (or 'absolute altimeter'). Main article:The is divided into several altitude regions. These regions start and finish at varying heights depending on season and distance from the poles. The altitudes stated below are averages:.: surface to 8,000 metres (5.0 mi) at the poles, 18,000 metres (11 mi) at the, ending at the Tropopause.: Troposphere to 50 kilometres (31 mi).: Stratosphere to 85 kilometres (53 mi).: Mesosphere to 675 kilometres (419 mi).: Thermosphere to 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi)The, at an altitude of 100 kilometres (62 mi) above, by convention defines represents the demarcation between the atmosphere.
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The thermosphere and exosphere (along with the higher parts of the mesosphere) are regions of the atmosphere that are conventionally defined as space.High altitude and low pressure Regions on the 's surface (or in its atmosphere) that are high above mean sea level are referred to as high altitude. High altitude is sometimes defined to begin at 2,400 meters (8,000 ft) above sea level.At high altitude, atmospheric pressure is lower than that at sea level. Adderall dosage reddit. This is due to two competing physical effects: gravity, which causes the air to be as close as possible to the ground; and the heat content of the air, which causes the molecules to bounce off each other and expand. Temperature profile. Further information:The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between.
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Sunlight in the hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly 333 K (60 °C; 140 °F), and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.However, when air is hot, it tends to expand, which lowers its density. Thus, hot air tends to rise and transfer heat upward. This is the process of. Convection comes to equilibrium when a parcel of air at a given altitude has the same density as its surroundings. Air is a poor conductor of heat, so a parcel of air will rise and fall without exchanging heat.
This is known as an, which has a characteristic pressure-temperature curve. As the pressure gets lower, the temperature decreases. The rate of decrease of temperature with elevation is known as the, which is approximately 9.8 °C per kilometer (or 5.4 °F 3.0 °C per 1000 feet) of altitude.Note that the presence of water in the atmosphere complicates the process of convection. Water vapor contains latent. As air rises and cools, it eventually becomes and cannot hold its quantity of water vapor. The water vapor condenses (forming ), and releases heat, which changes the lapse rate from the to the (5.5 °C per kilometer or 3 °F 1.7 °C per 1000 feet).As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an (ISA) with a temperature of 6.49 °C per kilometer (3.56 °F per 1,000 feet). The actual lapse rate can vary by altitude and by location.Finally, note that only the (up to approximately 11 kilometres (36,000 ft) of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes notable convection; in the, there is little vertical convection.
Effects on organisms Humans. Main article:Medicine recognizes that altitudes above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) start to affect humans, and there is no record of humans living at extreme altitudes above 5,500–6,000 metres (18,000–19,700 ft) for more than two years. As the altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, which affects humans by reducing the of. The lack of oxygen above 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) can cause serious illnesses such as,. The higher the altitude, the more likely are serious effects.
The human body can by breathing faster, having a higher heart rate, and adjusting its blood chemistry. It can take days or weeks to adapt to high altitude.
However, above 8,000 metres (26,000 ft), (in the '), altitude acclimatization becomes impossible.There is a significantly lower overall mortality rate for permanent residents at higher altitudes. Additionally, there is a dose response relationship between increasing elevation and decreasing obesity prevalence in the United States. In addition, the recent hypothesis suggests that high altitude could be protective against Alzheimer's disease via action of erythropoietin, a hormone released by kidney in response to hypoxia.However, people living at higher elevations have a statistically significant higher rate of suicide. The cause for the increased suicide risk is unknown so far. Athletes For athletes, high altitude produces two contradictory effects on performance.
For explosive events (sprints up to 400 metres, ) the reduction in atmospheric pressure signifies less atmospheric resistance, which generally results in improved athletic performance. For endurance events (races of 5,000 metres or more) the predominant effect is the reduction in oxygen which generally reduces the athlete's performance at high altitude. Sports organizations acknowledge the effects of altitude on performance: the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF), for example, marks record performances achieved at an altitude greater than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) with the letter 'A'.Athletes also can take advantage of altitude acclimatization to increase their performance. The same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase performance back at sea level. These changes are the basis of which forms an integral part of the training of athletes in a number of endurance sports including track and field, distance running, triathlon, cycling and swimming.Other organisms.
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Main article:Decreased oxygen availability and decreased temperature make life at high altitude challenging. Despite these environmental conditions, many species have been successfully. Animals have developed physiological adaptations to enhance oxygen uptake and delivery to tissues which can be used to sustain metabolism. The strategies used by animals to adapt to high altitude depend on their. For example, small mammals face the challenge of maintaining body heat in cold temperatures, due to their small volume to surface area ratio. As oxygen is used as a source of metabolic heat production, the hypobaric hypoxia at high altitudes is problematic.There is also a general trend of smaller body sizes and lower at high altitudes, likely due to lower oxygen partial pressures. These factors may decrease in high altitude habitats, meaning there will be less energy available for consumption, growth, and activity.However, some species, such as birds, thrive at high altitude.
Birds thrive because of physiological features that are advantageous for high-altitude flight.See also. At higher altitudes, the air density is lower than at sea level. At a certain altitude it is very difficult to keep an airplane in stable flight.References.
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